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Background
SEBI circular dated June 13, 2019 requires Rating Agencies to assign a suffix of ‘CE’ in respect of Ratings, which are supported by Explicit Credit Enhancement. The communique was aimed at establishing linearity across the methodologies adopted by various rating agencies in treating borrowings/ structures based on External Credit Enhancement. The increasing number of such borrowings/ structures created a need to have sharp and well defined criteria governing such cases. This is important since, there may be a significant divergence between the standalone credit profiles of the borrowers / issuers vis-a-vis the final ratings assigned after considering such explicit credit enhancements. Hence, it becomes imperative that the rating notch up based on such enhancements is logical & consistent across cases.
Recent Developments
RBI, has , vide its Guidance note dtd. April 22, 2022, stipulated the principles for streamlining the policies, practices & methodologies across all CRAs in respect of Bank loan- CE ratings. RBI has further released a set of FAQs in the aforesaid matter on July 26, 2022 to ensure that that all the CRAs are on the same page in terms of their interpretation of the Guidance note. Subsequently SEBI has released its circular ‘Credit rating supported by Credit Enhancement ‘on September 28, 2022.
Acuite understands that the analytical approaches as per RBI’s Guidance note & SEBI’s Circular for CE are generally similar except in respect of certain instruments/ structures like Obligor-Co-Obligor Structures, Pledge of Shares etc. The differentiated treatment envisaged in respect of these instruments like Obligor-Co-obligor structures, pledge of securities etc. could be on account of factors like differences in regulatory environment and presence of monitoring mechanisms like debenture trustee in a capital market instrument vis a vis a bank loan.
In view of the aforesaid, Acuite has, vide this document elaborated its approach for External Credit Enhancement in respect of Capital market instruments & Bank facilities. Section 1 of this document covers Capital Market Instruments (i.e all instruments listed or proposed to be listed falling within the purview of SEBI ) & Section 2 covers Bank Facilities. (falling under the purview of RBI)
Acuité believes that the bank borrowings backed by Explicit Credit Enhancement shall mean and include any of the following. Such instruments/ structures shall have a suffix of 'CE' after the rating. The list is inclusive and not exhaustive.
SECTION 1- CAPITAL MARKET INSTRUMENTS
1(A). BONDS/DEBENDTURES COVERED BY CORPORATE GURANTEES
In this regard, if considered necessary, Acuité may, examine the guarantee deed in to ascertain the following aspects
·Unconditional & Irrevocable Nature of Guarantee
·Guarantee is Continuing in nature. Whether the guarantee covers the entire tenure of the instrument and also covers the interest and principal part of the instrument/ loan and other expenses incurred by the lender in connection with the borrowing.
·Guarantee should be legally enforceable across the tenure of the instrument/ borrowing.
-Guarantee shall have
a Clause providing for payment on first demand without any demur or protest
-Payment under the
guarantee should be without any deduction by the guarantor
-The guarantor shall
be treated on par with the primary
obligor i.e lender can directly proceed against guarantor without exhausting his other legal remedies.
-Guarantee should be
reaffirmed by the guarantor in case of any changes in the underlying terms of
borrowing for it to remain valid.
·- Timelines for invocation & payment
upon receipt of invocation notice
Acuite seeks legal opinion from an independent law firm regarding the aforementionedaspects such as enforceability, unconditional & irrevocable nature etc. Acuite tries to assess possibility of any operational/ regulatory risks that could inhibit the guarantor from discharging the obligations under the guarantee, should such a situation arise
Existing ApproachIn respect of borrowings fully covered by Corporate Guarantees, as per extant practice followed by Acuite, the ratings based on such structures is suffixed with the words ‘CE’ in parenthesis subject to the presence of a T-n structure in the Guarantee. (T-n indicating that if T is the due date for any payment of interest/ principal, then the issuer of the Undertaking commits to ensure funding in the account if the account is not funded ‘n’ days before the due date). This T-n structure is required besides the other routine clauses like irrevocability and unconditionality etc. The CE Suffix indicates that the rating factors in support in the form of external explicit credit enhancement. However in case of guarantees without a T-n structure, Acuite still factors in support from the parent (using parent notchup framework) on the assumption that the parent/ guarantor shall continue to support the entity notwithstanding the absence of a T-n clause.
In
case of instruments with partial credit
guarantees with T- n clause, Acuite notches up the rating based on the rating
of the corporate guarantor, quantum of the guarantee and Strength of T-n
structure. As per extant practice, this notch up can go upto 3 notches from the
standalone rating of the issuer. These ratings are suffixed with ‘CE’.
Proposed Approach
Acuite will continue with its approach of suffixing a CE if the corporate guarantee has a T-n structure besides the regular clauses like unconditionality, irrevocability etc which are required as per regulatory requirements Acuite observes that the unlike corporate guarantees formats for bank facilities which generally do not have clauses like T-n structures /invocation timelines, NCDs usually have such clauses .
Hitherto, Acuite approach has been that even in the absence of these clauses, the guaranteeing entity will continue to support the entity and hence final rating usually factor this support through implicit recognition. Acuite shall however cap the final rating to at least 1 notch below the rating of the guaranteeing entity in cases where CE suffix cannot be used. This cap shall not be applicable to cases where the CE suffix is used or to issuances of entities owned & managed by Central / State Government. (Refer Point 2 below)
In
respect of NCDs covered by partial guarantee, the ratings shall be capped at
maximum of 2 notches over standalone or 1 notch below the guarantor’s rating whichever is lower in both cases i.e
whether CE is suffixed or otherwise.
2. Bonds/ Debentures supported by Central Government/ State Government Guarantees/Undertakings
It
has been observed that governments (Central/ state) usually support the
borrowing programmes of the public sector entities through issuances of
guarantees. These entities could be entities with significant socio-economic
importance such as State discoms. Civil supplies corporations, state finance
corporations etc. Such entities are assessed based on their strategic importance to the government rather
than being guided by their commercial
performance. The guarantees issued by the Governments may in certain cases have
T-n clauses or may not have T-n clause and usually for bank facilities, the
guarantee formats do not have such clauses. Hitherto Acuite’s approach has been
to notch up the rating based on the State Government rating and suffix a CE in
respect of borrowings with T-n structure. In respect of guarantees without T-n
structure, the notchup is still considered but without a CE suffix.
Proposed Approach
Acuite shall maintain a uniform approach for all ratings supported by State Government/ Central Government guarantees irrespective of the fact whether guarantee has T-n clause (i.e CE suffix) or otherwise (without CE suffix). Acuite may equate the rating to the government rating based on the socio-economic importance of the issuer entity
It may be noted that LoCs ( Letters of Comfort) & Shortfall undertakings issuedby Central/ State Governments shall also be considered as valid supporting structures for bonds/debentures
3. NCDssupported by Bank Guarantees/ SBLCs (Standby Letters of Credit)
In respect of credit facilities availed from banks backed by Bank Guarantees/ Standby Letters of Credit from Banks/ Financial Institutions, the ratings will be linked to the credit quality of the Guaranteeing /SBLC issuing Bank. In such cases of Bank guarantee/ SBLC backed structures, in addition to its own assessment, Acuité may rely on external ratings assigned by other rating agencies to these banks/ financial institutions. In case of more than one rating, Acuité will generally consider the lowest rating. In case of overseas banks/ institutions, Acuité may map the international rating of the bank to the domestic scale and then assign a rating based on the domestic equivalent of the bank's rating. Acuité may suitably maintain a differential of 1-2 notches to the guaranteeing bank's rating /domestic equivalent rating. It is to be noted that such ratings are based on the credit quality of the guaranteeing bank and any revision in the credit rating of the said bank will result in a revision of the CE ratings assigned for the facilities/borrowings.
Acuité observes that Bank guarantees/ SBLCs are issued by banks as per pre-defined standardized formats and are usually post default in nature i.e. the lender generally invokes the guarantee /SBLC only after the occurrence of default. There is no T-n Structure in such guarantees Notwithstanding the absence of T-n clauses, the ratings assigned to such credit facilities will be suffixed with the words (CE) i.e. Credit Enhancement to indicate that these ratings do not reflect the standalone credit quality of the borrower/ issuer and are based on certain forms of credit enhancement from the bank. The reason for adopting this approach in respect of bank guarantee supported borrowings (vis a vis borrowing supported by Corporate/ State Government Guarantees as above) is that such guarantee/ SBLC issuances are part of bank’s core activity. Typically, under these guarantees, the bank undertakes to pay the amount within a pre-agreed time after invocation. Any instance of non-payment by the bank/ delays in payment after receipt of invocation notice, can have adverse implications for the issuing bank’s credibility. A key difference between a corporate guarantee vis a vis a bank guarantee is that in case of a corporate guarantee which theultimate payment is still subject to a credit risk even after invocation whereas the said risk is significantly mitigated for a bank.
In view of such stringent clauses, the investor reckons such exposures as an exposure on the guaranteeing bank & the risk weightage assigned to such exposures will be based on the rating of the guaranteeing bank.
Acuité
has observed that, the invocation of guarantees usually being a post default
event, it is important to focus more on the post invocation timelines such as
the date by which the funds will be made available post serving of invocation
notice. Acuité also examines the timelines for intimation to the rating agency
especially in case of debt (NCDs etc.) with debenture trustees.
4.(A) Bonds backed by Debt Service Reserve Account (DSRA) and Escrow Arrangement/ Structured Payment Mechanism (SPM) where there is undertaking by a third party for replenishment of DSRA.
In certain cases, the lender/ investor may stipulate creation of a DSRA (Debt service Reserve Account) which serves asa buffer in case of temporary mismatch in cash flows i.e in case of inadequacy of funds in the escrow account, the lender can access the DSRA to recover his principal/ interest instalment. A DSRA helps in bridging temporary mismatches and ensuring stability of debt servicing in case of sharp variations in cash flow across time periods.
In case of a structure based on the creation of a DSRA, i.e. backed by liquid asset collateral such as FD, or G-sec bonds, the quantum of funds in the TRA (Trust & Retention Account)/ Escrow Account and the DSRA are to be evaluated in line with the total amount of debt to be serviced on each due date. The presence of an escrow account by itself does not guarantee the adequacy of funds for servicing. However, a strictly executed escrow arrangement can be useful for trapping the cash flows and utilising them as per the priority (waterfall mechanism) for meeting the debt servicing requirements.
Typically, a higher cover in the form of DSRA is representative of a high degree of safety & eligible for higher notch up. Acuité recognises the fact that funds placed in the DSRA are often associated with high opportunity costs, and thus increase the effective cost of borrowing for the issuer. The presence of a DSRA along with a Structured Payment Mechanism i.e SPM (in the form of a T- n day structure) differentiates the instrument from other plain vanilla borrowings (without these features), as the likelihood of slippages in payments is mitigated due to such clauses. The presence of a corporate guarantee or a DSRA Replenishment Undertaking by a third-party act as a credit support, so that in the event of the DSRA being utilised, the third party shall replenish the DSRA or make the requisite payment (as per the guarantee/ undertaking document) after the demand/ invocation notice by the lender or debenture trustee. Acuité will also conduct an independent credit assessment of the third party who has provided the undertaking/ guarantee. The ability of the third party to meet their obligations under the undertaking is also assessed.
5. (B) Loans & Borrowings with DSRA & Escrow mechanism without replenishment undertaking/guarantee by third party
In certain cases, even where there is no replenishment undertaking by a third party, Acuité still considers the presence of a DSRA & Escrow account (along with a T structure) as anInternal Credit Enhancement& factor in the benefits accruing from the DSRA mechanism. The ratings in such cases does not consider the suffix CE however, Acuité mentions in its analytical approach that it has relied on the presence of a structure while arriving at the final rating.
For 5A & 5B , Acuite shall however cap the notchup in respect of such structures to 2 notches over the unsupported rating. The unsupported rating shall incorporate the benefit from the corporate guarantee in case the guarantee fully covers the outstandings at all times during the tenure of the instrument and have other features like unconditionality, irrevocability, enforceability and first demand payment.
6. A. Bonds/Debenture Structures based on Pledge of Shares
The increasing trend in offering security coverage in the form of shares/ liquid investments has prompted the need for looking at such structures differently as opposed to structures based on a security of movable/ immovable assets. Generally, a rating is indicative of a probability of default and is generally unaffected by the collateral coverage. However, in cases of structures backed by liquid collateral, a right type of structure can mitigate the likelihood of default.
Against this backdrop, Acuité’s extant approach has been different vis a vis plain vanilla borrowings. Such structures are very common in case of borrowings by investment vehicles of promoters. It has been observed that generally promoters of listed companies prefer to hold their investments in their listed companies through a clutch of privately held companies. Typically, these private companies have moderate revenue streams mainly by way of dividends on the shares/ interest on investments. Such companies are structured as vehicles for promoter holding and typically do not have any other operations; their net worth and any debt requirements are for investments in promoter group companies. In the absence of any operations, these companies do not have any source of sustainable cash flow, they often go in for refinancing of their debts/ infusion of funds by promoters. Hence, refinancing ability/ financial flexibility is critical in evaluating such companies. Their financial flexibility is directly linked to the market valuation of their investment portfolio.
Acuité's approach to evaluation of such issuers is based on the standalone credit profile of the issuer which would then be notched up for the structure. The extent of notching up will depend on two broad platforms (i) Strength of the Structure (ii) Nature and Quantum of liquid collateral
Strength of Structure
Timelines for funding the account are generally spelt out in the financing document in terms of T-n days (where T is the due date). Typically, n ranges between 3-5 days in most of the cases, since it provides adequate time to the lender to initiate the process for selling the securities and ensuring that the funds are received in the account on the due date.
Secondly, tolerance for any dilution in security coverage is also a critical factor in evaluation of such structures. In case of structures backed by pledge of equity shares, if the security coverage falls below the minimum acceptable coverage stipulated in the term sheet, then an immediate top up must be arranged. Acuité believes that for such structures, any significant tolerance below the stipulated coverage beyond five consecutive trading days will render the structure infructuous. Needless to say, monitoring by the lender of the asset coverage on a periodic basis and initiating action for topping up wherever necessary is crucial in such structures. Hence, Acuité will examine the financing documents for these clauses.
Nature & Quantum of Liquid Collateral
Among other factors, Acuité also examines the following aspects while arriving at a notching up:
1) Market Capitalisation & Financial performance of the companies, whose shares are being offered as collateral
2) Volatility in the share prices
3) Financial Flexibility in the form of unencumbered shares available with the (borrower) promoter vis a vis pledge-based borrowing
4) Quantum of unencumbered promoter holding vis-a-vis encumbered promoter holding.
Acuite has been rating such borrowings based on pledge of shares with a suffix of CE to indicate that rating has been driven by adequate coverage of equity shares & presence of a strong monitoring structure to safeguard the interests of the lenders and initiate timely remedial action wherever necessary. Acuite shall continue with its existing approach of suffixing CE .
Similarly borrowings/ instruments secured by other securities/ other liquid assets (i.e besides equity shares & equity linked instruments) as mentioned in (B) below shall continue to be suffixed with CE in parenthesis after the rating
B. Structures based on pledge of highly rated bonds/ debt Securities (both Government securities & Private bonds)
Acuité observes that capital market instruments secured by a pledge of Government Securities and highly rated bonds/ debentures issued by private corporate bodies and PSUs are increasingly gaining acceptance. The key borrowers under these instruments will be traders in government securities/ corporate bonds. These facilities are virtually credit risk free since the lender can easily liquidate the underlying securities without any significant price concession and recover the entire dues.
High credit quality of the Underlying security
The Securities issued by Government of India are almost risk free in terms of their AAA Rating due to the sovereign status of the issuer. However highly rated securities issued by other entities like private corporates/ PSU undertakings/ State Governments are at an elevated risk of deterioration in credit quality (usually evidenced by downgrade in the rating) over a medium to long term. Hence the key aspect to be examined is the extent of exposure to Non- Central Government securities (especially private sector bonds) permissible under the borrowing arrangement.
Liquid nature of the Security
Generally, the market for government securities is highly liquid mainly on account of their risk-free status and significant market participation in the form of players like primary dealers, mutual funds and most importantly banks (for Statutory Liquidity Ratio requirements). Within the government securities segments, certain segments have slightly higher liquidity than others depending on the tenor, pricing and quantum of paper available. As against government securities, the market for corporate bonds and other securities is relatively shallow since most of the long-term investors in these bonds/ securities prefer to stay invested till maturity. Besides the shallow nature of the counter, the liquidity in a bond/ debenture can also be impacted by changes in the credit quality of the borrower/ issuer. Sharp credit cliffs (i.e downgrade by several notches) can also trigger a liquidity issue on a counter.
Availability of adequate margin to mitigate the risk of volatility over a single time period
Generally, the lenders/ investors will prefer some "skin in the game" of the issuer /borrower, which will be stipulated by way of margin requirements. Typically, the margin will be linked to the volatility over a given time period, based on past historical data. The volatility in prices of government securities is a function of factors like liquidity, interest rate announcements, size of borrowing programme, economy wise macro factors etc. Since the list of securities eligible for drawing under such facilities, includes a mix of central government securities as well as other securities including private securities, the actual margin stipulation is higher keeping in mind the probability of higher credit losses under the private sector can portfolio. The availability of adequate margin is a critical factor to be considered in this aspect Similar to ratings on share pledge-based facilities, the ratings assigned to the structures based on pledge of debt securities will be suffixed with the words (CE) indicating that the rating factors
in support from the presence of high-quality liquid collateral available to the lender & the flexibility available to the lender to recover his dues at a short notice.
Other requirements as per SEBI circular
SEBI vide its circular dated September 28, 2022, requires theCredit Rating Agencies to mention in the press release for credit ratings,with or without the CE –suffix, backed by specified support considerations (please refer Annexure A below for the list), the following disclosures
i. Unsupported ratings without factoring in the explicit credit enhancement or specified support considerations, and
ii. Supported rating after factoring in the explicit credit enhancement or specified support considerations
Further, the Press Release shall also contain a detailed explanation of all the covenants of the security.
Further as required by SEBI, Acuite shall verify the documentation related to the specified support considerations to ensure inter alia the following:
The support is unconditional, irrevocable, and legally enforceable till all the obligations of the rated security has been paid to the investors.i. Acuite shall undertake independent examination of financial strength of the support provider to ascertain the ability to honour the obligations guaranteed by the support provider.
iii. The support provider has a lower probability of default on a continuous basis, compared with the rated issuer, till the time such ratings are outstanding.
ANNEXURE A (Specified Support Considerations)
|
1 |
Guaranteed bond; Shortfall undertaking backed bond or other such third-party credit enhancement |
|
2 |
Covered bonds which have to be serviced primarily by the issuer (i.e., primary recourse to issuer), with secondary recourse to the cash flows from the pool of loans housed in a trust |
|
3 |
Partially guaranteed bond |
|
4 |
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS) like structures |
|
5 |
Standby Letter of Credit (SBLC) backed securities |
|
6 |
Debt backed by pledge of shares or other assets |
|
7 |
Guaranteed Pooled bond issuance (PBI), not through a trust |
|
8 |
Obligor/Co-obligor structures or Cross-default guarantee structures |
|
9 |
Debt backed by Payment Waterfall /Escrow, or DSRA etc., but with Full Guarantee or DSRA Replenishment Guarantee from a third party |
|
10 |
Letter of Comfort |
SECTION 2 BANK CREDIT FACILITIES
Acuité believes that the bank borrowings backed by Explicit Credit Enhancement shall mean and include any of the following. Such instruments/ structures shall have a suffix of 'CE' after the rating. The list is inclusive and not exhaustive.
1 (A). BANK BORROWINGS COVERED BY CORPORATE GUARANTEES
In such borrowing arrangements, there exist an external entity (typically a parent entity of the borrower or another entity from the group with established credentials) that undertakes to fulfil the debt repayment obligations on behalf of the borrower in the event of a default andinvocation of the guarantee by the lender/ investor. The legally enforceable commitment by an entity with a stronger credit quality to meet the obligations to the lenders significantly adds to their comfort especially in case the borrower is of a significantly weaker credit quality. In case of borrowings supported fully by Corporate Guarantees from a strong parent/ group entity, the final rating will depend on standalone rating of the borrowing entity, rating of guarantor & notch up over the standalone rating of the borrowing entity/ issuer. Acuité arrives at an internal estimate of the shadow credit rating of the guaranteeing entity wherever there is no outstanding rating from Acuite. In case of unconditional and irrevocable structures, the rating is mapped (not necessarily equated) to that of the guaranteeing entity, based on a parent notch up framework. The presence of a Corporate Guarantee by itself does not necessarily qualify for equating the rating of the borrower with the corporate guarantor. Certain other aspects such as strategic interest to the Corporate Guarantor, magnitude of investment of guarantor in the borrower etc. will be examined while deciding the notch up.
In this regard, if considered necessary, Acuité may, examine the guarantee deed to ascertain the following aspects
·Unconditional & Irrevocable Nature of Guarantee
·Guarantee is Continuing in nature. Whether the guarantee covers the entire tenure of the instrument and also covers the interest and principal part of the instrument/ loan and other expenses incurred by the lender in connection with the borrowing.
·Guarantee should be legally enforceable across the tenure of the instrument/borrowing.
- Guarantee shall have a Clause providing for payment on first demand without any demur or protest
- Payment under the guarantee should be without any deduction by the guarantor
- The guarantor shall be treated on par with the primary obligor i.e lender can directly proceed against guarantor without exhausting his other legal remedies.
- Guarantee should be reaffirmed by the guarantor in case of any changes in the underlying terms of borrowing for it to remain valid.
- Timelines for invocation & payment upon receipt of invocation notice
Acuite may seek a legal opinion from an independent law firm regarding the aforementionedaspects such as enforceability, unconditional & irrevocable nature etc. Acuite tries to assess possibility of any operational/ regulatory risks that could inhibit the guarantor from discharging the obligations under the guarantee, should such a situation arise
Existing Approach
In respect of borrowings fully covered by Corporate Guarantees, as per extant practice followed by Acuite, the ratings based on such structures is suffixed with the words ‘CE’ in parenthesis subject to the presence of a T-n structure in the Guarantee. (T-n indicating that if T is the due date for any payment of interest/ principal, then the issuer of the Undertaking commits to ensure funding in the account if the account is not funded ‘n’ days before the due date). This T-n structure is required besides the other routine clauses like irrevocability and unconditionality etc. The ‘CE’ Suffix indicates that the rating factors in support in the form of external explicit credit enhancement. However in case of guarantees without a T-n structure, Acuite still factors in support from the parent (using parent notchup framework) on the assumption that the parent/ guarantor shall continue to support the entity notwithstanding the absence of a T-n clause.
In case of borrowings with partial credit guarantees with T- n clause, Acuite notches up the rating based on the rating of the corporate guarantor, quantum of the guarantee and Strength of T-n structure. As per extant practice, this notch up can go upto 3 notches from the standalone rating of the issuer. These ratings are suffixed with ‘CE’.
Proposed Approach
RBI’ s guidance note of April 22, 2022 also requires that ‘CE’ can be suffixed if the guarantee has timeline clauses for invocation and payment besides the regular clauses like unconditionality, irrevocability etc. Acuite observes that the corporate guarantees formats for bank facilities generally do not have clauses like T-n structures /invocation timelines . hence as per the abovementioned RBI guidance note the CE suffix shall not applicable in such cases
Acuite shall cap the final rating to at least 1 notch below the rating of the guaranteeing entity in cases where CE suffix cannot be used. This cap shall not be applicable to cases where the CE suffix is used or bank borrowings of entities owned/managed by State Government/ Central Government entities
In respect of bank borrowings, covered by partial guarantee, the ratings shall be capped at maximum of 2 notches over standalone or 1 notch below the guarantor’s rating whichever is lower in all cases whether CE is used or otherwise
2. Borrowings supported by Central Government/ State Government Guarantees/ Undertakings
It has been observed that governments (Central/ State) usually support the borrowing programmes of the public sector entities through issuances of guarantees. These entities could be entities with significant socio-economic importance such as State discoms. Civil supplies corporations, state finance corporations etc. Such entities are assessed based on their strategic importance to the government rather than being guided by their commercial performance. The guarantees issued by the Governments may in certain cases have T-n clauses or may not have T-n clause and usually for bank facilities, the guarantee formats do not have such clauses. Hitherto, Acuite’s approach has been to notch up the rating based on the State Government rating and suffix a ‘CE’ in respect of borrowings with T-n structure. In respect of guarantees without T-n structure, the notchup is still considered but without a CE suffix.
It may be noted that the aforementioned guidance note of RBI allows LoCs (Letters of Comfort) & Shortfall undertakings issuedby Central/ State Governments as valid supporting structures subject to conditions like legal enforceability, irrevocability and unconditionality.
Proposed Approach
Acuite shall continue to adopt a uniform approachfor all bank borrowings supported by Central /State Government guarantees adhering to RBI guidelines. Guarantees with a T-n clause only will be eligible for ‘CE’ suffix. The ratings may be equated to the state government ratings in both cases.
However in case of weaker states, Acuite may adopt a differential approach between borrowings supported by guarantees with T-n clauses and borrowings supported by other guarnatees without these clauses. This distinction would be made based on factors like criticality of the entity to the state, fiscal profile of the state and past record in honouring guarantees commitments etc.
3. Borrowings supported by Bank Guarantees/ SBLCs ( Standby Letters of Credit)
In respect of credit facilities availed from banks backed by Bank Guarantees/ Standby Letters of Credit from Banks/ Financial Institutions, the ratings will be linked to the credit quality of the Guaranteeing /SBLC issuing Bank. In such cases of Bank guarantee/ SBLC backed structures, in addition to its own assessment, Acuité may rely on external ratings assigned by other rating agencies to these banks/ financial institutions. In case of more than one rating, Acuité will generally consider the lowest rating. In case of overseas banks/ institutions, Acuité may map the international rating of the bank to the domestic scale and then assign a rating based on the domestic equivalent of the bank's rating. Acuité may suitably maintain a differential of 1-2 notches to the guaranteeing bank's rating /domestic equivalent rating. It is to be noted that such ratings are based on the credit quality of the guaranteeing bank and any revision in the credit rating of the said bank will result in a revision of the CE ratings assigned for the facilities/ borrowings.
Acuité observes that Bank guarantees/ SBLCs are issued by banks as per pre-defined standardized formats and are usually post default in nature i.e. the lender generally invokes the guarantee /SBLC only after the occurrence of default. There is no T-n Structure in such guarantees notwithstanding the absence of T-n clauses, the ratings assigned to such credit facilities will be suffixed with the words (CE) i.e. Credit Enhancement to indicate that these ratings do not reflect the standalone credit quality of the borrower/ issuer and are based on certain forms of credit enhancement from the bank. The reason for adopting this approach in respect of bank guarantee supported borrowings (vis a vis borrowing supported by Corporate/ State Government Guarantees as above) is that such guarantee/ SBLC issuances are part of bank’s core activity. Typically, under these guarantees, the bank undertakes to pay the amount within a pre-agreed time after invocation. Any instance of non-payment by the bank/ delays in payment after receipt of invocation notice, can have adverse implications for the issuing bank’s credibility. A key difference between a corporate guarantee vis a vis a bank guarantee is that in case of a corporate guarantee which the ultimate payment is still subject to a credit risk even after invocation whereas the said risk is significantly mitigated for a bank.
In view of such stringent clauses, the lending Bank/ investor reckons such exposures as an exposure on the guaranteeing bank & the risk weightage assigned to such exposures will be based on the rating of the guaranteeing bank.
Acuité has observed that, the invocation of guarantees especially in case of debt availed from banks/ financial institutions is a post default event. Acuité focusses more on the post invocation timelines such as the date by which the funds will be made available post serving of invocation notice. Acuité also examines the timelines for intimation to the rating agency especially in case of debt (NCDs etc.) with debenture trustees.
3.Bank Borrowings supported by Letters of Comfort/ Support /Undertaking/ Obligor Co-Obligor structures / Pledge of shares
As per the RBI Guidance Note, borrowings supported by non prudent structures such as Letters of Comfort /Obligor- Co-obligor structures/ Pledge of Shares, the CE suffix shall not be used. Needless to say this section does not apply to LoCs /Shortfall Undertakings issued by Central/ State Governments which are unconditional, enforceable and irrevocable.
Proposed Approach
The final rating will not be suffixed CE, however Acuite proposes to cap the final rating at least 3 notches below the LoC issuers standalone rating going forward.
5.(A) Bonds/ Loans backed by Debt Service Reserve Account (DSRA) and Escrow Arrangement/ Structured Payment Mechanism (SPM) where there is undertaking by a third party for replenishment of DSRA.
In certain cases, the lender may stipulate creation of a DSRA (Debt service Reserve Account) which serves as a buffer in case of temporary mismatch in cash flows i.e in case of inadequacy of funds in the escrow account, the lender can access the DSRA to recover his principal/ interest instalment. A DSRA helps in bridging temporary mismatches and ensuring stability of debt servicing in case of sharp variations in cash flow across time periods.
In case of a structure based on the creation of a DSRA, i.e. backed by liquid asset collateral such as FD, or G-sec bonds, the quantum of funds in the TRA (Trust & Retention Account)/ Escrow Account and the DSRA are to be evaluated in line with the total amount of debt to be serviced on each due date. The presence of an escrow account by itself does not guarantee the adequacy of funds for servicing. However, a strictly executed escrow arrangement can be useful for trapping the cash flows and utilising them as per the priority (waterfall mechanism) for meeting the debt servicing requirements.
Typically, a higher cover in the form of DSRA is representative of a high degree of safety & eligible for higher notch up. Acuité recognises the fact, that funds placed in the DSRA are often associated with high opportunity costs, and thus increase the effective cost of borrowing for the issuer. The presence of a DSRA along with a Structured Payment Mechanism i.e SPM (in the form of a T- n day structure) differentiates the instrument from other plain vanilla borrowings (without these features), as the likelihood of slippages in payments is mitigated due to such clauses. The presence of a corporate guarantee or a DSRA Replenishment Undertaking by a third-party act as a credit support, so that in the event of the DSRA being utilised, the third party shall replenish the DSRA or make the requisite payment (as per the guarantee/ undertaking document) after the demand/invocation notice by the lender or debenture trustee. Acuité will also conduct an independent credit assessment of the third party who has provided the undertaking/ guarantee. The ability of the third party to meet their obligations under the undertaking is also assessed.
5.(B) Loans & Borrowings with DSRA & Escrow mechanism without replenishment undertaking/guarantee by third party
In certain cases, even where there is no replenishment undertaking by a third party, Acuité still considers the presence of a DSRA & Escrow account (along with a T structure) as anInternal Credit Enhancement& factor in the benefits accruing from the DSRA mechanism. The ratings in such cases does not consider the suffix ‘CE’ however, Acuité mentions in its analytical approach that it has relied on the presence of a structure while arriving at the final rating.
It has been observed that significant operational challenges are encountered in monitoring a DSRA structure on an ongoing basis in respect of bank facilities. Hence Acuite shall not consider any notch up for DSRA in respect of bank facilities
6. Bank facilities based on pledge of highly rated bonds/ debt Securities (both Government securities & Private bonds)
Acuité observes that certain bank facilities secured by a pledge of Government Securities/ and highly rated bonds/ debentures issued by private corporate bodies and PSUs are increasingly gaining acceptance. The key borrowers under these instruments will be traders in government securities/ corporate bonds. These facilities are virtually credit risk free since the lender can easily liquidate the underlying securities without any significant price concession and recover the entire dues.
High credit quality of the Underlying security
The Securities issued by Government of India are almost risk free in terms of their AAA Rating due to the sovereign status of the issuer. However highly rated securities issued by other entities like private corporates / PSU undertakings/ State Governments are at an elevated risk of deterioration in credit quality (usually evidenced by downgrade in the rating) over a medium to long term. Hence the key aspect to be examined is the extent of exposure to Non-Central Government securities permissible under the borrowing arrangement.
Liquid nature of the Security
Generally, the market for government securities is highly liquid mainly on account of their risk-free status and significant market participation in the form of players like primary dealers, mutual funds and most importantly banks (for Statutory Liquidity Ratio requirements). Within the government securities segments, certain segments have slightly higher liquidity than others depending on the tenor, pricing and quantum of paper available. As against government securities, the market for corporate bonds and other securities is relatively shallow since most of the long-term investors in these bonds/ Securities prefer to stay invested till maturity. Besides the shallow nature of the counter, the liquidity in a bond/ debenture can also be impacted by changes in the credit quality of the borrower. Sharp credit cliffs (i.e downgrade by several notches) can also trigger a liquidity issue on a counter.
Availability of adequate margin to mitigate the risk of volatility over a single time period
Generally, the lenders will prefer some "skin in the game" of the borrower, which will be stipulated by way of margin requirements. Typically, the margin will be linked to the volatility over a given time period, based on past historical data. The volatility in prices of government securities is a function of factors like liquidity, interest rate announcements, size of borrowing programme, economy wise macro factors etc. Since the list of securities eligible for drawing under such facilities, includes a mix of central government securities as well as other securities including private securities, the actual margin stipulation is higher keeping in mind the probability of higher credit losses under the private sector can portfolio. The availability of adequate margin is a critical factor to be considered in this aspect Similar to ratings on share pledge-based facilities, the ratings assigned to the structures based on pledge of debt securities will be suffixed with the words ‘CE’ indicating that the rating factors in support from the presence of high-quality liquid collateral available to the lender & the flexibility available to the lender to recover his dues at a short notice.
In a nutshell ,the ratings on following categories of borrowings (illustrative) will also be suffixed with the words ‘CE’:
|
Type of Instrument / Structure |
Rationale for CE suffix |
|
Fully Guaranteed Loan ( Corporate / Government /SBLC) with T-N structure |
External credit enhancement |
|
Partially guaranteed Loans ( with T- N structure |
External credit enhancement |
|
Partially guaranteed bond |
External credit enhancement |
|
State Government/ Central Government issued LOC/ Shortfall undertaking backed loan or other such third-party credit enhancement |
External credit enhancement |
|
Loans secured by pledge of debt securities |
External credit enhancement |
Long term Credit Enhancement securities: Securities with original
maturity exceeding one year
|
Ratings |
Definition |
|
ACUITE AAA (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have the highest degree of safety regarding timely servicing of financial obligations. Such securities carry lowest credit risk. |
|
ACUITE AA (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have high degree of safety regarding timely servicing of financial obligations. Such securities carry very low credit risk. |
|
ACUITE A (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have adequate degree of safety regarding timely servicing of financial obligations. Such securities carry low credit risk. |
|
ACUITE BBB (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have moderate degree of safety regarding timely servicing of financial obligations. Such securities carry moderate credit risk. |
|
ACUITE BB (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have moderate risk of default regarding timely servicing of financial obligations. |
|
ACUITE B (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have high risk of default regarding timely servicing of financial obligations |
|
ACUITE C (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have very high likelihood of default regarding timely payment of financial obligations. |
|
ACUITE D (CE) |
Securities with this rating are in default or are expected to be in default soon. |
Acuité may apply '+' (plus) or '-' (minus) signs for ratings from 'ACUITE AA (CE)' to 'ACUITE C (CE)' to reflect comparative standing within the category.
Short term Credit Enhanced Securities: Securities with original maturity of up to one year
|
Ratings |
Definition |
|
ACUITE A1 (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have very strong degree of safety regarding timely payment of financial obligation. Such securities carry lowest credit risk. |
|
ACUITE A2 (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have strong degree of safety regarding timely payment of financial obligation. Such securities carry low credit risk. |
|
ACUITE A3 (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have moderate degree of safety regarding timely payment of financial obligation. Such securities carry higher credit risk as compared to instruments rated in the two higher categories. |
|
ACUITE A4 (CE) |
Securities with this rating are considered to have minimal degree of safety regarding timely payment of financial obligation. Such securities carry very high credit risk and are susceptible to default. |
|
ACUITE D (CE) |
Securities with this rating are in default or expected to be in default on maturity. |
Acuité may apply '+' (plus) sign for ratings from 'ACUITE A1 (CE)' to 'ACUITE A4 (CE)' to reflect comparative standing within the category.
All different rating criteria are available onhttp://acuite.in/rating-criteria.htm
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